At one time or another all of us have pondered over the existence of a God. Is there really a God, and if so, what is he like and why did he create us? These and many other related questions have swept across our minds from time to time. On a grandeur scale, humankind has sought after God since the dawn of civilization with an innate desire to know and worship him. We know that throughout the ages humanity has created beliefs that help explain God’s existence and his purpose for our lives.
Before we launch into this intriguing voyage, I think it important to first define a collective understanding of what we mean by the term God. After all, how can we search for God’s existence if we don’t have a mutual understanding of who or what we are looking for. In our understanding of reality, we perceive two realms, the natural and supernatural. As humans, we live in the natural realm and are confined to its specific space and time. But if a being created this physical universe, he would not be restricted to it and instead would live outside of it and therefore reside in the supernatural or spiritual realm. Therefore, we cannot prove God’s existence by physical means, which makes this quest challenging, but not impossible.
Humankind’s Search for God
Across the ages, humanity has exhibited an unquenchable curiosity to understand and connect with the divine being we believe is responsible for our creation and the meaning behind our existence. From the earliest records of human history, archaeologists have uncovered evidence across civilizations that bears witness to his enduring search for—and worship of—supernatural deities. Among the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia, religion was deeply embedded in daily life and seen as powerful, unpredictable beings who controlled natural forces and human fate. In Ancient Egypt, their gods emphasized order, harmony, and the afterlife. In Ancient Greece, their spiritual leaders combined myth, philosophy, and civic ritual in their relationship with their gods. In early Ancient India, the Vedic religion practiced ritual sacrifices to many gods. We have ample historical records of man’s quest to seek and worship the gods of times.
Modern times are no exception: sociologists and historians can readily find evidence of religion and humanity’s ongoing search for God in contemporary civilizations. A recent Pew study (2025) surveying 35 countries found that about 83 percent of people across these countries believe in some form of a god, while 17 percent claim not to believe in a god at all.[1] Throughout history various philosophers and religious leaders have suggested human beings possess an inner longing for God, a God-shaped vacuum, that only God Himself can fill, a concept often associated with Blaise Pascal’s reflections on the human condition.[2] There are three disciplines in where humanity has found reasonable evidence for God’s existence: philosophy, science and in the spiritual realm. Let’s take a look at several arguments from each of these fields to see what evidence they possess.
Philosophical Arguments for the Existence of God
The Kalam Cosmological Argument
One of the oldest and most unwavering principles in Western philosophy is the phrase that “out of nothing, nothing comes.”[3] This is the foundation for the following argument that defends God’s existence. Dr. William Lane Craig, in his book, The Kalam Cosmological Argument, states that this philosophical argument is named after the Kalam (medieval Islamic scholasticism) and the Persian Muslim philosopher, Al-Ghazali (c. AD 1058-1111), from whom many of Criag’s key ideas originated.[4] In its most basic form, the Kalam Cosmological Argument is a philosophical and theological case for God as the cause of the universe and worthy of mention. This cosmological argument rests on three basic principles:
- Whatever begins to exist has a cause. All physical objects and living beings came to be because something caused them. This rule is consistent with our modern scientific principle of cause and effect.
- The universe began to exist. Based on modern science, the universe expanded from a singularity explosion. The universe is winding down and therefore cannot be eternal, based on the second law of thermodynamics.
- Therefore, the universe has a cause. Some being from outside our universe caused the universe to begin. Someone of immense power chose to create our universe. This outside powerful cause is God.
This is a remarkable and purely logical defense for the existence of God and the creation of our universe. Over the course of the last hundred-plus years, mankind has made great advances in astronomy and cosmology to help answer the question about the origin of the universe from a scientific perspective, which we will look at below.
The Moral Argument
The moral argument is a philosophical view that the existence of objective and universal moral truths can only exist by something or someone outside of our physical biological realm. For example, if things are truly wrong in the minds of all humanity, regardless of ethnicity, culture or geography, then these moral injustices must have been established by something transcendent. One form of the argument goes like this:
- If God does not exist, objective moral values do not exist.
- Objective moral values do exist.
- Therefore, God exists.
In his book titled, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, William Lane Craig states, “The moral argument rests on the intuition that objective moral values exist — that torturing children for fun is not merely dispreferred but wrong, regardless of what any culture believes.”[5]Dr. Craig is one of the most contemporary defenders of the moral argument. Craig suggests that something as repulsive as torturing children for fun is despicable in any culture or society and is an accepted universal moral truth that was not established without a transcendent being.
The Human Consciousness Argument
Where did human consciousness, reason, and self-awareness come from? Supporters of Evolutionary Naturalism claim that nature somehow created itself through trillions and trillions of random iterations of trial and error, which resulted in our enormous universe and all the living beings that reside in it. But this is a purely physical process, one that is restricted to creating new physical entities. So where did man’s ability to reason and engage in self-awareness come from? It is difficult to explain human consciousness and awareness as being created by a purely physical process.
J. P. Moreland, an American philosopher, theologian and Christan apologist, is an expert in the fields of metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and Christian philosophy. In Moreland’s book titled, The Soul: How We Know It’s Real and Why It Matters, he remarks “The existence of a unified, enduring self that is aware of itself as a subject is not something that falls naturally out of a Darwinian account of the brain. It requires a different kind of explanation entirely.”[6] To describe this another way, for Moreland, the fact that humans possess self-awareness — a capacity to reflect on their own existence — points to a dimension of human nature that is fundamentally immaterial, and therefore beyond the reach of any purely biological or evolutionary account. A material evolutionary process cannot account for non-physical capabilities. This can only be explained by a immaterial creator.
Scientific Arguments for the Existence of God
The Fined-Tuned Natural Forces
The universe, in both its governing laws and its natural forms, displays a precision so extraordinary as to establish, for many thinkers, a compelling scientific argument for the existence of a designing intelligence. This is a favorable argument for an intelligent designer as a creator, which opposes support for a random series of natural events occurring through some evolutionary process. Scientists and theologians agree on the existence of four identifiable forces and 20 to 30 fundamental constants that appear finely tuned. These four natural forces are the Gravitational force which governs attraction between masses; shapes galaxies, stars, planets, and allows stable orbits. The Electromagnetic force, which is responsible for electricity, magnetism, chemistry, light, and atomic structure. The Strong nuclear force which holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei; without it, atoms could not exist, and the Weak nuclear force, which is responsible for radioactive decay and nuclear fusion processes in stars.
Some of the more familiar and significant fundamental constants identified include: strength of gravity, strength of the electromagnetic force, the cosmological constant (dark energy), the speed of light and Planck constant. Contemporary scientists have recognized that these forces and constants of nature are very specifically tuned to allow life on earth to be possible. Stephen Hawking, a theoretical physicist & cosmologist, in his book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, stated, “The laws of science, as we know them at present, contain many fundamental numbers, like the size of the electric charge of the electron and the ratio of the masses of the proton and the electron… The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life.”[7]
John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, a team of cosmologists, also remarked about the finely tuned state of our nature’s forces. In their book, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, they wrote, “If the electromagnetic force were stronger or the strong nuclear force a little weaker, or both, then biologically essential [atoms] like carbon would not exist. The existence of [life] hinges upon this ‘coincidence.’”[8] The logical conclusion from these fined-tuned physical forces and constants points to some creator to align all of these parameters perfectly to create the universe we live in today.
The Incredible Complexity of DNA
Another fascinating field of research is in the study of the structure of DNA. These molecules are in every organic lifeform on earth and are extremely complex in their design and function and not fully understood. In humans, DNA molecules have the following interesting properties: Every human’s DNA is 99% the same. Only 1% makes us different. Almost every cell in the human body has DNA in its nucleus. Inside that nucleus is your complete genome, or DNA (~3 billion base pairs). This nucleus DNA holds instructions for building and maintaining the body.
In a lecture a number of years ago, Lee Strobel, who is a Christian author and former investigative journalist, presented an argument for human creation by God as described in the Bible. His rationale was based on the complexity of DNA strand design in our own bodies and every living organism. He stated that every strand of DNA in each of the 60 trillion cells of your body (with the exception of red blood cells) contains all the instructions for creating you. DNA in a cell in your eye is exactly the same as DNA in a cell in your liver or stomach. The difference is which parts of the DNA are active, and which are inactive.
A single DNA molecule is 6 feet long but only 50 trillionths of an inch wide. If placed end to end, all the DNA molecules in your body would reach from Earth to the Sun and back 360 times. Evolutionists might be able to present a viable argument for the evolution of matter and energy in our universe from a simpler form into a more complex form, but they have no logical explanation for the evolution of these complex data-driven instructions that provide a master blueprint for building, running, and maintaining every living organism. Such a design can only be explained as originating from a supernatural designer.[9] When skeptics examine DNA instructions, they often view it as the result of random natural processes and chance, not as the product of creative design. The actions of nature can create patterns, but there is no science whatsoever that shows nature can create complex organized information on its own.
A number of scientists who are theistic perceive the creation of DNA in harmony between science and faith, viewing the DNA code as both scientifically real and theologically significant. One such scientist is Francis S. Collins, a physician-scientist who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the Human Genome Project. Collins remarked in this book, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief: “The God of the Bible is also the God of the genome. He can be worshipped in the cathedral or in the laboratory. His creation is majestic, awesome, intricate and beautiful—and it cannot be at war with itself.”[10]
The Origin of the Universe
One of the most compelling arguments for the existence of God is based on recent research in the area of cosmology, which is the study of the nature of the universe. In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his General Theory of Relativity, which suggested the universe was not static. Einstein could not believe the results of his research and consequently modified his equations by inserting a cosmological constant in his equations to fit the accepted static universe model.[11] Einstein would later admit this was the biggest mistake of his life. Years later, in 1929, Edwin Hubble, who was a research astronomer, measured the relationship between the redshift and distance of various galaxies and concluded that the farther galaxies were actually receding away faster than the closer galaxies. This meant that we lived in an expanding universe![12] But more significant was the fact that our universe was no longer considered static and eternal but that it had a beginning: a singularity of infinite temperature, density, and pressure. An instantaneous spark that came from nothing created the universe that exists today. This cosmic event has been identified as the Big Bang. It truly is ironic how the tables have turned! I find it interesting that whereas the religious community had found it challenging to argue the existence of God using a static universe model, now the scientific community was challenged to defend how the universe flashed into existence without a God.
Robert Jastrow was a professed agnostic and was director of the Mount Wilson Observatory and founder of NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies. Given his religious position, his theistic quotations are all the more startling. Regarding the overwhelming evidence pointing to the creation of our universe, Jastrow writes, “Now we see how the astronomical evidence leads to a biblical view of the origin of the world. The details differ, but the essential elements in the astronomical and biblical accounts of Genesis are the same: the chain of events leading to man commenced suddenly and sharply at a definite moment in time, in a flash of light and energy.”[13]
Spiritual Arguments for the Existence of God
The Spiritual Search for God
Isn’t it thought-provoking that people of all cultures, throughout history have sought after a god that they cannot see or touch? As mentioned earlier, Blaise Pascal, the 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician, was credited with saying that people possess a ‘God-shaped hole’ in their hearts that can only be filled with God. So why do people seek to know a God they cannot see? Spending some time reviewing several biblical references will cast some light on the question. The apostle Paul answered that question in his letter to the Romans when he wrote, “For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse.” (Romans 1:20) The apostle proclaimed that God provided sufficient evidence of his power and divine nature, through the majesty of his creation. When we carefully observe the beauty and precision of our universe and the wonders of life on earth, they should unmistakenly point to a supreme being behind it all.
God and Creation Revealed in the Bible
What other references can we find in the Bible that point to God’s existence and his role in creating our universe? We find in the first verse of the first chapter of the Bible: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” (Genesis 1:1) We can learn from this that the universe has a definite beginning, and God was the initiator of it. In the New Testament, the apostle John wrote, “Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.” (John 1:3) This verse supports the notion that God created everything in our universe. Back in the Old Testament we can find: “By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, their starry host by the breath of his mouth.” (Psalm 33:6)
These verses make plain that the authors recognized God’s existence and affirmed him as creator of all that the physical world contains. In addition to these verses, the Bible contains many other passages that affirm God as the sole source and creator of the universe.
Humanity’s Moral Imprint
I previously discussed the Moral Code from a philosophical perspective as an argument for the existence of God. Approached from a spiritual perspective, our inborn morality finds strong support in scripture for the existence of God.
The apostle Paul defended the notion that there is a moral code or law that transcends all people groups and generations. In other words, moral knowledge is universal, not relative. The apostle Paul wrote, “Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law, they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law. They show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts sometimes accusing them and at other times even defending them.” (Romans 2:14-15). Paul was proclaiming that the human conscience reflects a shared moral law, a consequence of a supernatural force imprinting these laws into our very hearts, not physically but spiritually.
The prophet Moses revealed in Genesis, “So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.” (Genesis 1:27) Therefore if we were made in the image of God, then he would have etched his moral nature into our hearts and minds. The fact that all of humanity possesses the same sense of morality (i.e., killing children is wrong, helping others in need is right), is evident of God creating all of humanity.
The prophet Jeremiah prophesied to the Israelites a similar principle, “This is the covenant I will make with the people of Israel after that time,” declares the Lord. “I will put my law in their minds and write it on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people.” (Jeremiah 31:33). In this passage, the prophet Jeremiah was referring to the Mosaic Law established in the time of Moses, representing God’s absolute moral values that all of humankind possesses. Keep in mind that whether individuals follow God’s moral values or not, is controlled by our God-given free will.
Conclusion
This article has reviewed God’s existence from a number of perspectives including man’s philosophical, scientific and spiritual approaches. Philosophically the Kalam argument presents God as a cause of everything created. The moral argument states that because there is a common set of moral values possessed by all of mankind, there must have been a creator that implanted them into their minds and hearts. The human consciousness argument presents mankind’s ability to reason and be self-aware; qualities that cannot be explained as created by the evolutionary process alone, and therefore this argument supports the notion of a supernatural creator.
In the arena of science, we discovered that the fined-tuned natural forces responsible for the condition of our universe to sustain life are too perfectly adjusted to explain through a non-creator evolutionary process. The amazing complexity of the DNA molecules of all living organisms in our world that house an enormous number of data-driven instructions to create and sustain these living structures can only be explained by an intelligent being who designed and fabricated these natural systems. The cosmological conclusion that the universe originated in a singularity of infinite energy — what scientists call the Big Bang — points compellingly to a creator who transcends space and time and is responsible for that inaugural event.
As we investigated the spiritual arguments for God’s existence, we discussed humanity’s drive to search for and worship a supernatural being throughout recorded history. We read several references from the Bible that makes clear that God does exist and is the author of our universe. We also examined the moral imprint that is universal throughout mankind and consistent with the notion of a God who was the originator of our moral values.
Based on the aforementioned information and references, there clearly seems to be enough evidence to confidently claim that God does exist; a God who created the universe and humankind. God does exist, and he created a blueprint for us to follow, to grow in our relationship with him, and be transformed into the image of Christ, abundant in love, faith and trust to the one sovereign God who is worthy of our praise.
Endnotes
[1] Pew Research Center, “God, Spirits and the Natural World,” May 6, 2025, reporting that a median of 83% across 35 countries say they believe in God, and noting that “large majorities” in most countries hold this belief.
[2] Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. A. J. Krailsheimer (London: Penguin Books, 1995), fragment 425.
[3] Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, trans. W. H. D. Rouse, rev. Martin F. Smith (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 1.155–156.
[4] William Lane Craig, The Kalām Cosmological Argument (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1979)
[5] William Lane Craig, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, 3rd ed. (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2008), 172.
[6] J. P. Moreland, The Soul: How We Know It’s Real and Why It Matters (Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2014), 89.
[7] Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), 125.
[8] John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
[9] Lee Strobel, Evidence of God from DNA by Lee Strobel.flv, YouTube, Apr 21, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLCBJLyxxvM
[10] Francis S. Collins, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief (New York: Free Press, 2006).
[11] Rugh, S; Zinkernagel, H. (2001). “The Quantum Vacuum and the Cosmological Constant Problem”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 33 (4): 663–705.
[12] Hubble, Edwin. “A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra‑Galactic Nebulae.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15, no. 3 (1929): 168–173.
[13] Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers, 14. Grand Central Pub, 1980.